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fluidb/tutorial/2-storage.ipynb

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{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "6e383e96-6c6b-46e3-a061-7b75a96ec756",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"# Storage and transactions"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 1,
"id": "1f17d433-96d1-47c1-8e3d-af5d996542e2",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"%reload_ext pycozo.ipyext_direct"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 2,
"id": "5b4a724b-f8d9-44cd-8821-77edeadf772d",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"%cozo_auth *******"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "c364f130-2d84-4563-9f35-18048025f9f9",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Stored relations"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "7b09219b-9a7c-4fa2-85ab-52b95ad69469",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"An obvious shortcoming of our previous acrobatics is that we have to carry around our love triangles network and enter it anew for every query, which leads to rapid deterioration of the `CTRL`, `C` and `V` keys. So let's fix that:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 3,
"id": "5f1bc86f-eaa6-4793-8a56-78daa1288540",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
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"<p style=\"font-size: 75%\">Completed in 0ms</p>"
],
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" <th class=\"blank level0\" >&nbsp;</th>\n",
" <th id=\"T_287dc_level0_col0\" class=\"col_heading level0 col0\" >status</th>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </thead>\n",
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" <th id=\"T_287dc_level0_row0\" class=\"row_heading level0 row0\" >0</th>\n",
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},
"execution_count": 3,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"?[a, b] <- [['alice', 'eve'],\n",
" ['bob', 'alice'],\n",
" ['eve', 'alice'],\n",
" ['eve', 'bob'],\n",
" ['eve', 'charlie'],\n",
" ['charlie', 'eve'],\n",
" ['david', 'george'],\n",
" ['george', 'george']]\n",
" \n",
":create triangles"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "584b5cbb-7859-4808-9ec8-58fe7821c5e5",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"We have the _query directive_ `:relation create` together with a normal query. The results will then be stored on your disk with the name `triangles` instead of returned to you."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "ef5a9f83-30a5-4ed9-ae17-2d0ef6f0ef9a",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"You will receive an error if you try to run this script twice. In which case don't worry and continue."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "f5e58170-8f9e-4216-b6e7-22c30ea60a6d",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Stored relations are safe from restarts and power failures. Let's query against it:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 4,
"id": "2d76fb9c-ee23-4d95-b60f-b06eb5faf5b3",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<p style=\"font-size: 75%\">Completed in 0ms</p>"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.HTML object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
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},
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<style type=\"text/css\">\n",
"#T_2b5ca_row0_col0, #T_2b5ca_row0_col1, #T_2b5ca_row1_col0, #T_2b5ca_row1_col1, #T_2b5ca_row2_col0, #T_2b5ca_row2_col1, #T_2b5ca_row3_col0, #T_2b5ca_row3_col1, #T_2b5ca_row4_col0, #T_2b5ca_row4_col1, #T_2b5ca_row5_col0, #T_2b5ca_row5_col1, #T_2b5ca_row6_col0, #T_2b5ca_row6_col1, #T_2b5ca_row7_col0, #T_2b5ca_row7_col1 {\n",
" color: black;\n",
"}\n",
"</style>\n",
"<table id=\"T_2b5ca\">\n",
" <thead>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th class=\"blank level0\" >&nbsp;</th>\n",
" <th id=\"T_2b5ca_level0_col0\" class=\"col_heading level0 col0\" >a</th>\n",
" <th id=\"T_2b5ca_level0_col1\" class=\"col_heading level0 col1\" >b</th>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </thead>\n",
" <tbody>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_2b5ca_level0_row0\" class=\"row_heading level0 row0\" >0</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_2b5ca_row0_col0\" class=\"data row0 col0\" >alice</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_2b5ca_row0_col1\" class=\"data row0 col1\" >eve</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_2b5ca_level0_row1\" class=\"row_heading level0 row1\" >1</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_2b5ca_row1_col0\" class=\"data row1 col0\" >bob</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_2b5ca_row1_col1\" class=\"data row1 col1\" >alice</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_2b5ca_level0_row2\" class=\"row_heading level0 row2\" >2</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_2b5ca_row2_col0\" class=\"data row2 col0\" >charlie</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_2b5ca_row2_col1\" class=\"data row2 col1\" >eve</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_2b5ca_level0_row3\" class=\"row_heading level0 row3\" >3</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_2b5ca_row3_col0\" class=\"data row3 col0\" >david</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_2b5ca_row3_col1\" class=\"data row3 col1\" >george</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_2b5ca_level0_row4\" class=\"row_heading level0 row4\" >4</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_2b5ca_row4_col0\" class=\"data row4 col0\" >eve</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_2b5ca_row4_col1\" class=\"data row4 col1\" >alice</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_2b5ca_level0_row5\" class=\"row_heading level0 row5\" >5</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_2b5ca_row5_col0\" class=\"data row5 col0\" >eve</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_2b5ca_row5_col1\" class=\"data row5 col1\" >bob</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_2b5ca_level0_row6\" class=\"row_heading level0 row6\" >6</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_2b5ca_row6_col0\" class=\"data row6 col0\" >eve</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_2b5ca_row6_col1\" class=\"data row6 col1\" >charlie</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_2b5ca_level0_row7\" class=\"row_heading level0 row7\" >7</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_2b5ca_row7_col0\" class=\"data row7 col0\" >george</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_2b5ca_row7_col1\" class=\"data row7 col1\" >george</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </tbody>\n",
"</table>\n"
],
"text/plain": [
"<pandas.io.formats.style.Styler at 0x12ea33d90>"
]
},
"execution_count": 4,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"?[a, b] := :triangles[a, b]"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "4ab14596-93e4-4205-af8d-4b9da828cc1a",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"The colon `:` in front of the name tells the database that we want a _stored_ relation instead of a relation defined within the query itself."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "11c4a219-1e07-4f61-b40f-a602b414ddab",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Now, Fred finally comes to the party and Fred loves Alice and Eve. We add these facts in the following way:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 5,
"id": "099f6ec2-a55c-4116-ac8b-efe564657f99",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<p style=\"font-size: 75%\">Completed in 0ms</p>"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.HTML object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
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},
{
"data": {
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" <thead>\n",
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" <th class=\"blank level0\" >&nbsp;</th>\n",
" <th id=\"T_d489d_level0_col0\" class=\"col_heading level0 col0\" >status</th>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </thead>\n",
" <tbody>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_d489d_level0_row0\" class=\"row_heading level0 row0\" >0</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_d489d_row0_col0\" class=\"data row0 col0\" >OK</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </tbody>\n",
"</table>\n"
],
"text/plain": [
"<pandas.io.formats.style.Styler at 0x12e9047f0>"
]
},
"execution_count": 5,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"?[a, b] <- [['fred', 'alice'],\n",
" ['fred', 'eve']]\n",
"\n",
":put triangles"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 6,
"id": "bcb24ccf-9956-49e8-b286-67d5464bb21e",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<p style=\"font-size: 75%\">Completed in 0ms</p>"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.HTML object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<style type=\"text/css\">\n",
"#T_451e5_row0_col0, #T_451e5_row0_col1, #T_451e5_row1_col0, #T_451e5_row1_col1, #T_451e5_row2_col0, #T_451e5_row2_col1, #T_451e5_row3_col0, #T_451e5_row3_col1, #T_451e5_row4_col0, #T_451e5_row4_col1, #T_451e5_row5_col0, #T_451e5_row5_col1, #T_451e5_row6_col0, #T_451e5_row6_col1, #T_451e5_row7_col0, #T_451e5_row7_col1, #T_451e5_row8_col0, #T_451e5_row8_col1, #T_451e5_row9_col0, #T_451e5_row9_col1 {\n",
" color: black;\n",
"}\n",
"</style>\n",
"<table id=\"T_451e5\">\n",
" <thead>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th class=\"blank level0\" >&nbsp;</th>\n",
" <th id=\"T_451e5_level0_col0\" class=\"col_heading level0 col0\" >a</th>\n",
" <th id=\"T_451e5_level0_col1\" class=\"col_heading level0 col1\" >b</th>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </thead>\n",
" <tbody>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_451e5_level0_row0\" class=\"row_heading level0 row0\" >0</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_451e5_row0_col0\" class=\"data row0 col0\" >alice</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_451e5_row0_col1\" class=\"data row0 col1\" >eve</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_451e5_level0_row1\" class=\"row_heading level0 row1\" >1</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_451e5_row1_col0\" class=\"data row1 col0\" >bob</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_451e5_row1_col1\" class=\"data row1 col1\" >alice</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_451e5_level0_row2\" class=\"row_heading level0 row2\" >2</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_451e5_row2_col0\" class=\"data row2 col0\" >charlie</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_451e5_row2_col1\" class=\"data row2 col1\" >eve</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_451e5_level0_row3\" class=\"row_heading level0 row3\" >3</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_451e5_row3_col0\" class=\"data row3 col0\" >david</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_451e5_row3_col1\" class=\"data row3 col1\" >george</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_451e5_level0_row4\" class=\"row_heading level0 row4\" >4</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_451e5_row4_col0\" class=\"data row4 col0\" >eve</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_451e5_row4_col1\" class=\"data row4 col1\" >alice</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_451e5_level0_row5\" class=\"row_heading level0 row5\" >5</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_451e5_row5_col0\" class=\"data row5 col0\" >eve</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_451e5_row5_col1\" class=\"data row5 col1\" >bob</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_451e5_level0_row6\" class=\"row_heading level0 row6\" >6</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_451e5_row6_col0\" class=\"data row6 col0\" >eve</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_451e5_row6_col1\" class=\"data row6 col1\" >charlie</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_451e5_level0_row7\" class=\"row_heading level0 row7\" >7</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_451e5_row7_col0\" class=\"data row7 col0\" >fred</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_451e5_row7_col1\" class=\"data row7 col1\" >alice</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_451e5_level0_row8\" class=\"row_heading level0 row8\" >8</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_451e5_row8_col0\" class=\"data row8 col0\" >fred</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_451e5_row8_col1\" class=\"data row8 col1\" >eve</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_451e5_level0_row9\" class=\"row_heading level0 row9\" >9</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_451e5_row9_col0\" class=\"data row9 col0\" >george</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_451e5_row9_col1\" class=\"data row9 col1\" >george</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </tbody>\n",
"</table>\n"
],
"text/plain": [
"<pandas.io.formats.style.Styler at 0x12e904790>"
]
},
"execution_count": 6,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"?[a, b] := :triangles[a, b]"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "016cbbd1-b65a-4b74-b7ce-f5b302b835d8",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Notice that we used `:relation put` instead of `:relation create`. In fact, you can use `:relation put` before any call to `:relation create`. The `create` op just ensures that the insertion is into a new stored relation."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "649c8836-bdfa-4d18-ac6b-277993c76a3c",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Now Eve no longer loves Alice and Charlie! Let's reflect this fact by using `retract`"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 7,
"id": "f6e400d6-6571-42e7-8044-5807bb789f8f",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<p style=\"font-size: 75%\">Completed in 0ms</p>"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.HTML object>"
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},
"metadata": {},
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{
"data": {
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"<style type=\"text/css\">\n",
"#T_3f209_row0_col0 {\n",
" color: black;\n",
"}\n",
"</style>\n",
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" <thead>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th class=\"blank level0\" >&nbsp;</th>\n",
" <th id=\"T_3f209_level0_col0\" class=\"col_heading level0 col0\" >status</th>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </thead>\n",
" <tbody>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_3f209_level0_row0\" class=\"row_heading level0 row0\" >0</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_3f209_row0_col0\" class=\"data row0 col0\" >OK</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </tbody>\n",
"</table>\n"
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"execution_count": 7,
"metadata": {},
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}
],
"source": [
"?[a, b] <- [['eve', 'charlie'],\n",
" ['eve', 'alice']]\n",
"\n",
":rm triangles"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 8,
"id": "c1ffa2b1-2ce4-4edb-a1db-ed03f2e4ddfd",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<p style=\"font-size: 75%\">Completed in 0ms</p>"
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{
"data": {
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"<style type=\"text/css\">\n",
"#T_09d65_row0_col0, #T_09d65_row0_col1, #T_09d65_row1_col0, #T_09d65_row1_col1, #T_09d65_row2_col0, #T_09d65_row2_col1, #T_09d65_row3_col0, #T_09d65_row3_col1, #T_09d65_row4_col0, #T_09d65_row4_col1, #T_09d65_row5_col0, #T_09d65_row5_col1, #T_09d65_row6_col0, #T_09d65_row6_col1, #T_09d65_row7_col0, #T_09d65_row7_col1 {\n",
" color: black;\n",
"}\n",
"</style>\n",
"<table id=\"T_09d65\">\n",
" <thead>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th class=\"blank level0\" >&nbsp;</th>\n",
" <th id=\"T_09d65_level0_col0\" class=\"col_heading level0 col0\" >a</th>\n",
" <th id=\"T_09d65_level0_col1\" class=\"col_heading level0 col1\" >b</th>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </thead>\n",
" <tbody>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_09d65_level0_row0\" class=\"row_heading level0 row0\" >0</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_09d65_row0_col0\" class=\"data row0 col0\" >alice</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_09d65_row0_col1\" class=\"data row0 col1\" >eve</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_09d65_level0_row1\" class=\"row_heading level0 row1\" >1</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_09d65_row1_col0\" class=\"data row1 col0\" >bob</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_09d65_row1_col1\" class=\"data row1 col1\" >alice</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_09d65_level0_row2\" class=\"row_heading level0 row2\" >2</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_09d65_row2_col0\" class=\"data row2 col0\" >charlie</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_09d65_row2_col1\" class=\"data row2 col1\" >eve</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_09d65_level0_row3\" class=\"row_heading level0 row3\" >3</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_09d65_row3_col0\" class=\"data row3 col0\" >david</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_09d65_row3_col1\" class=\"data row3 col1\" >george</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_09d65_level0_row4\" class=\"row_heading level0 row4\" >4</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_09d65_row4_col0\" class=\"data row4 col0\" >eve</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_09d65_row4_col1\" class=\"data row4 col1\" >bob</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_09d65_level0_row5\" class=\"row_heading level0 row5\" >5</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_09d65_row5_col0\" class=\"data row5 col0\" >fred</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_09d65_row5_col1\" class=\"data row5 col1\" >alice</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_09d65_level0_row6\" class=\"row_heading level0 row6\" >6</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_09d65_row6_col0\" class=\"data row6 col0\" >fred</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_09d65_row6_col1\" class=\"data row6 col1\" >eve</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_09d65_level0_row7\" class=\"row_heading level0 row7\" >7</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_09d65_row7_col0\" class=\"data row7 col0\" >george</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_09d65_row7_col1\" class=\"data row7 col1\" >george</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </tbody>\n",
"</table>\n"
],
"text/plain": [
"<pandas.io.formats.style.Styler at 0x12e9042b0>"
]
},
"execution_count": 8,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"?[a, b] := :triangles[a, b]"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "2c58a423-9c60-4230-ab4c-7b0dd18ab1d3",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"It is OK to retract non-existent facts, in which case the operation does nothing."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "ddccd02a-0184-4e3a-9cfd-6344252fe3d6",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"You can also reset the whole relation with `rederive`:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 9,
"id": "c72cc224-2b50-441b-803f-f622968a6b77",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<p style=\"font-size: 75%\">Completed in 0ms</p>"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.HTML object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<style type=\"text/css\">\n",
"#T_13f4e_row0_col0 {\n",
" color: black;\n",
"}\n",
"</style>\n",
"<table id=\"T_13f4e\">\n",
" <thead>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th class=\"blank level0\" >&nbsp;</th>\n",
" <th id=\"T_13f4e_level0_col0\" class=\"col_heading level0 col0\" >status</th>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </thead>\n",
" <tbody>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_13f4e_level0_row0\" class=\"row_heading level0 row0\" >0</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_13f4e_row0_col0\" class=\"data row0 col0\" >OK</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </tbody>\n",
"</table>\n"
],
"text/plain": [
"<pandas.io.formats.style.Styler at 0x12ea81600>"
]
},
"execution_count": 9,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"?[a, b] <- [['eve', 'charlie'],\n",
" ['eve', 'alice']]\n",
"\n",
":replace triangles"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 10,
"id": "1e6b41eb-baf9-4933-8c82-5dfbc8c9d34e",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<p style=\"font-size: 75%\">Completed in 0ms</p>"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.HTML object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<style type=\"text/css\">\n",
"#T_fac53_row0_col0, #T_fac53_row0_col1, #T_fac53_row1_col0, #T_fac53_row1_col1 {\n",
" color: black;\n",
"}\n",
"</style>\n",
"<table id=\"T_fac53\">\n",
" <thead>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th class=\"blank level0\" >&nbsp;</th>\n",
" <th id=\"T_fac53_level0_col0\" class=\"col_heading level0 col0\" >a</th>\n",
" <th id=\"T_fac53_level0_col1\" class=\"col_heading level0 col1\" >b</th>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </thead>\n",
" <tbody>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_fac53_level0_row0\" class=\"row_heading level0 row0\" >0</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_fac53_row0_col0\" class=\"data row0 col0\" >eve</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_fac53_row0_col1\" class=\"data row0 col1\" >alice</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_fac53_level0_row1\" class=\"row_heading level0 row1\" >1</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_fac53_row1_col0\" class=\"data row1 col0\" >eve</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_fac53_row1_col1\" class=\"data row1 col1\" >charlie</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </tbody>\n",
"</table>\n"
],
"text/plain": [
"<pandas.io.formats.style.Styler at 0x12ea80640>"
]
},
"execution_count": 10,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"?[a, b] := :triangles[a, b]"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "894e4980-6c3d-4f60-b77e-bd2659fda4a1",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Only the `rederive`ed tuples remain."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "6cb40ca9-a82c-4712-9f15-4ecae101dcd4",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"You can see what stored relations you currently have in your database by running the following _system directive_:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 11,
"id": "f051c4c6-55db-4099-b2da-1e55cea5deb3",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<p style=\"font-size: 75%\">Completed in 0ms</p>"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.HTML object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<style type=\"text/css\">\n",
"#T_9b9f2_row0_col0, #T_9b9f2_row1_col0 {\n",
" color: black;\n",
"}\n",
"#T_9b9f2_row0_col1, #T_9b9f2_row0_col2, #T_9b9f2_row0_col3, #T_9b9f2_row0_col4, #T_9b9f2_row0_col5, #T_9b9f2_row0_col6, #T_9b9f2_row1_col1, #T_9b9f2_row1_col2, #T_9b9f2_row1_col3, #T_9b9f2_row1_col4, #T_9b9f2_row1_col5, #T_9b9f2_row1_col6 {\n",
" color: #307fc1;\n",
"}\n",
"</style>\n",
"<table id=\"T_9b9f2\">\n",
" <thead>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th class=\"blank level0\" >&nbsp;</th>\n",
" <th id=\"T_9b9f2_level0_col0\" class=\"col_heading level0 col0\" >name</th>\n",
" <th id=\"T_9b9f2_level0_col1\" class=\"col_heading level0 col1\" >arity</th>\n",
" <th id=\"T_9b9f2_level0_col2\" class=\"col_heading level0 col2\" >n_keys</th>\n",
" <th id=\"T_9b9f2_level0_col3\" class=\"col_heading level0 col3\" >n_non_keys</th>\n",
" <th id=\"T_9b9f2_level0_col4\" class=\"col_heading level0 col4\" >n_put_triggers</th>\n",
" <th id=\"T_9b9f2_level0_col5\" class=\"col_heading level0 col5\" >n_rm_triggers</th>\n",
" <th id=\"T_9b9f2_level0_col6\" class=\"col_heading level0 col6\" >n_replace_triggers</th>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </thead>\n",
" <tbody>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_9b9f2_level0_row0\" class=\"row_heading level0 row0\" >0</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_9b9f2_row0_col0\" class=\"data row0 col0\" >airport</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_9b9f2_row0_col1\" class=\"data row0 col1\" >11</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_9b9f2_row0_col2\" class=\"data row0 col2\" >1</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_9b9f2_row0_col3\" class=\"data row0 col3\" >10</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_9b9f2_row0_col4\" class=\"data row0 col4\" >0</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_9b9f2_row0_col5\" class=\"data row0 col5\" >0</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_9b9f2_row0_col6\" class=\"data row0 col6\" >0</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_9b9f2_level0_row1\" class=\"row_heading level0 row1\" >1</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_9b9f2_row1_col0\" class=\"data row1 col0\" >triangles</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_9b9f2_row1_col1\" class=\"data row1 col1\" >2</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_9b9f2_row1_col2\" class=\"data row1 col2\" >2</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_9b9f2_row1_col3\" class=\"data row1 col3\" >0</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_9b9f2_row1_col4\" class=\"data row1 col4\" >0</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_9b9f2_row1_col5\" class=\"data row1 col5\" >0</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_9b9f2_row1_col6\" class=\"data row1 col6\" >0</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </tbody>\n",
"</table>\n"
],
"text/plain": [
"<pandas.io.formats.style.Styler at 0x12e8b7fa0>"
]
},
"execution_count": 11,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"::relations"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "55b44e88-8024-4e65-92ec-f4ccdc24b1dd",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Relations can be renamed:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 12,
"id": "01baf1c4-40de-4edc-b9c8-efba9c3c2cb0",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<p style=\"font-size: 75%\">Completed in 0ms</p>"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.HTML object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<style type=\"text/css\">\n",
"#T_f967e_row0_col0 {\n",
" color: black;\n",
"}\n",
"</style>\n",
"<table id=\"T_f967e\">\n",
" <thead>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th class=\"blank level0\" >&nbsp;</th>\n",
" <th id=\"T_f967e_level0_col0\" class=\"col_heading level0 col0\" >status</th>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </thead>\n",
" <tbody>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_f967e_level0_row0\" class=\"row_heading level0 row0\" >0</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_f967e_row0_col0\" class=\"data row0 col0\" >OK</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </tbody>\n",
"</table>\n"
],
"text/plain": [
"<pandas.io.formats.style.Styler at 0x12ea83a60>"
]
},
"execution_count": 12,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"::relation rename triangles -> love_triangles"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 13,
"id": "8932c693-590a-43b3-83ee-8a99ee92278a",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<p style=\"font-size: 75%\">Completed in 6ms</p>"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.HTML object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<style type=\"text/css\">\n",
"#T_a408d_row0_col0, #T_a408d_row1_col0 {\n",
" color: black;\n",
"}\n",
"#T_a408d_row0_col1, #T_a408d_row0_col2, #T_a408d_row0_col3, #T_a408d_row0_col4, #T_a408d_row0_col5, #T_a408d_row0_col6, #T_a408d_row1_col1, #T_a408d_row1_col2, #T_a408d_row1_col3, #T_a408d_row1_col4, #T_a408d_row1_col5, #T_a408d_row1_col6 {\n",
" color: #307fc1;\n",
"}\n",
"</style>\n",
"<table id=\"T_a408d\">\n",
" <thead>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th class=\"blank level0\" >&nbsp;</th>\n",
" <th id=\"T_a408d_level0_col0\" class=\"col_heading level0 col0\" >name</th>\n",
" <th id=\"T_a408d_level0_col1\" class=\"col_heading level0 col1\" >arity</th>\n",
" <th id=\"T_a408d_level0_col2\" class=\"col_heading level0 col2\" >n_keys</th>\n",
" <th id=\"T_a408d_level0_col3\" class=\"col_heading level0 col3\" >n_non_keys</th>\n",
" <th id=\"T_a408d_level0_col4\" class=\"col_heading level0 col4\" >n_put_triggers</th>\n",
" <th id=\"T_a408d_level0_col5\" class=\"col_heading level0 col5\" >n_rm_triggers</th>\n",
" <th id=\"T_a408d_level0_col6\" class=\"col_heading level0 col6\" >n_replace_triggers</th>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </thead>\n",
" <tbody>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_a408d_level0_row0\" class=\"row_heading level0 row0\" >0</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_a408d_row0_col0\" class=\"data row0 col0\" >airport</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_a408d_row0_col1\" class=\"data row0 col1\" >11</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_a408d_row0_col2\" class=\"data row0 col2\" >1</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_a408d_row0_col3\" class=\"data row0 col3\" >10</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_a408d_row0_col4\" class=\"data row0 col4\" >0</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_a408d_row0_col5\" class=\"data row0 col5\" >0</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_a408d_row0_col6\" class=\"data row0 col6\" >0</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_a408d_level0_row1\" class=\"row_heading level0 row1\" >1</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_a408d_row1_col0\" class=\"data row1 col0\" >love_triangles</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_a408d_row1_col1\" class=\"data row1 col1\" >2</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_a408d_row1_col2\" class=\"data row1 col2\" >2</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_a408d_row1_col3\" class=\"data row1 col3\" >0</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_a408d_row1_col4\" class=\"data row1 col4\" >0</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_a408d_row1_col5\" class=\"data row1 col5\" >0</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_a408d_row1_col6\" class=\"data row1 col6\" >0</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </tbody>\n",
"</table>\n"
],
"text/plain": [
"<pandas.io.formats.style.Styler at 0x12ea83910>"
]
},
"execution_count": 13,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"::relations"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 14,
"id": "ede55ffc-ca41-4e08-9938-e88c139c0937",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<p style=\"font-size: 75%\">Completed in 0ms</p>"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.HTML object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<style type=\"text/css\">\n",
"#T_7f319_row0_col0, #T_7f319_row0_col1, #T_7f319_row1_col0, #T_7f319_row1_col1 {\n",
" color: black;\n",
"}\n",
"</style>\n",
"<table id=\"T_7f319\">\n",
" <thead>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th class=\"blank level0\" >&nbsp;</th>\n",
" <th id=\"T_7f319_level0_col0\" class=\"col_heading level0 col0\" >a</th>\n",
" <th id=\"T_7f319_level0_col1\" class=\"col_heading level0 col1\" >b</th>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </thead>\n",
" <tbody>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_7f319_level0_row0\" class=\"row_heading level0 row0\" >0</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_7f319_row0_col0\" class=\"data row0 col0\" >eve</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_7f319_row0_col1\" class=\"data row0 col1\" >alice</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_7f319_level0_row1\" class=\"row_heading level0 row1\" >1</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_7f319_row1_col0\" class=\"data row1 col0\" >eve</td>\n",
" <td id=\"T_7f319_row1_col1\" class=\"data row1 col1\" >charlie</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </tbody>\n",
"</table>\n"
],
"text/plain": [
"<pandas.io.formats.style.Styler at 0x12ea83940>"
]
},
"execution_count": 14,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"?[a, b] := :love_triangles[a, b]"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "83409897-6d5d-4e4b-ac7b-54e128abc5e6",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Now this triangles business is becoming tiring. Let's get rid of it:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 15,
"id": "bc525dc4-257b-48d9-b2ee-3238ed961fad",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<p style=\"font-size: 75%\">Completed in 0ms</p>"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.HTML object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<style type=\"text/css\">\n",
"#T_249fa_row0_col0 {\n",
" color: black;\n",
"}\n",
"</style>\n",
"<table id=\"T_249fa\">\n",
" <thead>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th class=\"blank level0\" >&nbsp;</th>\n",
" <th id=\"T_249fa_level0_col0\" class=\"col_heading level0 col0\" >status</th>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </thead>\n",
" <tbody>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th id=\"T_249fa_level0_row0\" class=\"row_heading level0 row0\" >0</th>\n",
" <td id=\"T_249fa_row0_col0\" class=\"data row0 col0\" >OK</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </tbody>\n",
"</table>\n"
],
"text/plain": [
"<pandas.io.formats.style.Styler at 0x12ea82530>"
]
},
"execution_count": 15,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"::relation remove love_triangles"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "e744e86c-ccc5-4069-b071-bc3facea9eb3",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Since we do not have any queries to run when nuking relations, we use a system directive instead of a query directive. Now you can no longer query the triangles:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 16,
"id": "f39a7c6c-3d78-4ca4-b2d6-cc5855343200",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"\u001b[31mquery::relation_not_found\u001b[0m\n",
"\n",
" \u001b[31m×\u001b[0m Cannot find requested stored relation 'love_triangles'\n"
]
},
"execution_count": 16,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"?[a, b] := :love_triangles[a, b]"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "c813ea00-4f66-492b-bd31-0f2ce534dccd",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"This completes all the operations on stored relations: `create`, `put`, `retract`, `rederive`. The syntax for `remove` is different from the rest for technical reasons.\n",
"\n",
"All these operations are _atomic_, meaning that for all the tuples they affect, either all are affected at the same time, or the operation completely fails. There is no in-between, corrupted state.\n",
"\n",
"Stored relations are simple, fast, and very raw. They can be used in exactly the same way as rules defined inline with the query. The way you use them is also not very different than in a traditional SQL database.\n",
"\n",
"Stored relations are suitable for data that has a well-defined structure at the onset, and which is loaded and updated in bulk. For example, you may have obtained from domain experts an [ontology](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Ontology_\\(information_science\\)) in the form of a network of metadata. The ontology comes in nice tables with clear, detailed documentation. You store this ontology as a group of stored relations, and use them to extract insights from your business data. The ontology is updated periodically, and when an update comes you just use the `rederive` operation to replace the old version. Very simple and efficient. But if you need more guarantees for your data, or your data shapes change rapidly, use the triple store instead: see a later tutorial for how to use it."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"id": "82735cec-aa4e-4a0e-8959-f522ea05c990",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": []
}
],
"metadata": {
"kernelspec": {
"display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
"language": "python",
"name": "python3"
},
"language_info": {
"codemirror_mode": {
"name": "ipython",
"version": 3
},
"file_extension": ".py",
"mimetype": "text/x-python",
"name": "python",
"nbconvert_exporter": "python",
"pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
"version": "3.10.6"
}
},
"nbformat": 4,
"nbformat_minor": 5
}
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