diff --git a/cozorocks/bridge/db.cpp b/cozorocks/bridge/db.cpp
index 412220ae..00cee530 100644
--- a/cozorocks/bridge/db.cpp
+++ b/cozorocks/bridge/db.cpp
@@ -70,35 +70,24 @@ shared_ptr<RocksDbBridge> open_db(const DbOpts &opts, RocksDbStatus &status, boo
     }
 
     shared_ptr<RocksDbBridge> db_wrapper = shared_ptr<RocksDbBridge>(nullptr);
-    if (opts.optimistic) {
-        auto db = new OptimisticRocksDb();
-        db->options = std::move(options);
-        db->db_path = string(opts.db_path);
-        db->comparator.reset(cmp);
 
-        OptimisticTransactionDB *txn_db = nullptr;
-        write_status(OptimisticTransactionDB::Open(*db->options, db->db_path, &txn_db), status);
-        db->db.reset(txn_db);
-        db->destroy_on_exit = opts.destroy_on_exit;
-        db_wrapper.reset(db);
-    } else {
-        auto db = new PessimisticRocksDb();
-        db->options = std::move(options);
-        db->db_path = string(opts.db_path);
-        db->tdb_opts = make_unique<TransactionDBOptions>();
-        db->comparator.reset(cmp);
+    auto db = new RocksDbBridge();
+    db->options = std::move(options);
+    db->db_path = string(opts.db_path);
+    db->tdb_opts = make_unique<TransactionDBOptions>();
+    db->comparator.reset(cmp);
+
+    TransactionDB *txn_db = nullptr;
+    write_status(TransactionDB::Open(*db->options, *db->tdb_opts, db->db_path, &txn_db), status);
+    db->db.reset(txn_db);
+    db->destroy_on_exit = opts.destroy_on_exit;
+    db_wrapper.reset(db);
 
-        TransactionDB *txn_db = nullptr;
-        write_status(TransactionDB::Open(*db->options, *db->tdb_opts, db->db_path, &txn_db), status);
-        db->db.reset(txn_db);
-        db->destroy_on_exit = opts.destroy_on_exit;
-        db_wrapper.reset(db);
-    }
 
     return db_wrapper;
 }
 
-PessimisticRocksDb::~PessimisticRocksDb() {
+RocksDbBridge::~RocksDbBridge() {
     if (destroy_on_exit && (db != nullptr)) {
         cerr << "destroying database on exit: " << db_path << endl;
         auto status = db->Close();
@@ -112,23 +101,3 @@ PessimisticRocksDb::~PessimisticRocksDb() {
         }
     }
 }
-
-OptimisticRocksDb::~OptimisticRocksDb() {
-    if (destroy_on_exit) {
-        cerr << "destroying database on exit: " << db_path << endl;
-        auto status = db->Close();
-        if (!status.ok()) {
-            cerr << status.ToString() << endl;
-        }
-        db.reset();
-        auto status2 = DestroyDB(db_path, *options);
-        if (!status2.ok()) {
-            cerr << status.ToString() << endl;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-void OptimisticRocksDb::del_range(RustBytes, RustBytes, RocksDbStatus &status) const {
-    status.code = StatusCode::kInvalidArgument;
-    status.message = rust::String("cannot call 'del_range' on optimistic db");
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cozorocks/bridge/db.h b/cozorocks/bridge/db.h
index e530f285..e5ca5dd7 100644
--- a/cozorocks/bridge/db.h
+++ b/cozorocks/bridge/db.h
@@ -43,18 +43,12 @@ struct SstFileWriterBridge {
 struct RocksDbBridge {
     unique_ptr<Comparator> comparator;
     unique_ptr<Options> options;
+    unique_ptr<TransactionDBOptions> tdb_opts;
+    unique_ptr<TransactionDB> db;
+
     bool destroy_on_exit;
     string db_path;
 
-    [[nodiscard]] virtual unique_ptr<TxBridge> transact() const = 0;
-
-    virtual void del_range(RustBytes start, RustBytes end, RocksDbStatus &status) const = 0;
-
-    virtual void compact_range(RustBytes start, RustBytes end, RocksDbStatus &status) const = 0;
-
-    [[nodiscard]] virtual DB *get_base_db() const = 0;
-
-
     inline unique_ptr<SstFileWriterBridge> get_sst_writer(rust::Str path, RocksDbStatus &status) const {
         DB *db_ = get_base_db();
         Options options_ = db_->GetOptions();
@@ -75,44 +69,14 @@ struct RocksDbBridge {
     [[nodiscard]] inline const string &get_db_path() const {
         return db_path;
     }
-};
-
-struct OptimisticRocksDb : public RocksDbBridge {
-    unique_ptr<OptimisticTransactionDB> db;
-
-    [[nodiscard]] inline unique_ptr<TxBridge> transact() const override {
-        auto ret = make_unique<TxBridge>(&*this->db);
-        ret->o_tx_opts->cmp = &*comparator;
-        return ret;
-    }
-
-    void del_range(RustBytes, RustBytes, RocksDbStatus &status) const override;
 
-    void compact_range(RustBytes start, RustBytes end, RocksDbStatus &status) const override {
-        CompactRangeOptions options;
-        auto start_s = convert_slice(start);
-        auto end_s = convert_slice(end);
-        auto s = db->CompactRange(options, &start_s, &end_s);
-        write_status(s, status);
-    }
-
-    DB *get_base_db() const override {
-        return db->GetBaseDB();
-    }
-
-    virtual ~OptimisticRocksDb();
-};
-
-struct PessimisticRocksDb : public RocksDbBridge {
-    unique_ptr<TransactionDBOptions> tdb_opts;
-    unique_ptr<TransactionDB> db;
 
-    [[nodiscard]] inline unique_ptr<TxBridge> transact() const override {
+    [[nodiscard]] inline unique_ptr<TxBridge> transact() const {
         auto ret = make_unique<TxBridge>(&*this->db);
         return ret;
     }
 
-    inline void del_range(RustBytes start, RustBytes end, RocksDbStatus &status) const override {
+    inline void del_range(RustBytes start, RustBytes end, RocksDbStatus &status) const {
         WriteBatch batch;
         auto s = batch.DeleteRange(db->DefaultColumnFamily(), convert_slice(start), convert_slice(end));
         if (!s.ok()) {
@@ -127,7 +91,7 @@ struct PessimisticRocksDb : public RocksDbBridge {
         write_status(s2, status);
     }
 
-    void compact_range(RustBytes start, RustBytes end, RocksDbStatus &status) const override {
+    void compact_range(RustBytes start, RustBytes end, RocksDbStatus &status) const {
         CompactRangeOptions options;
         auto start_s = convert_slice(start);
         auto end_s = convert_slice(end);
@@ -135,11 +99,11 @@ struct PessimisticRocksDb : public RocksDbBridge {
         write_status(s, status);
     }
 
-    DB *get_base_db() const override {
+    DB *get_base_db() const {
         return db->GetBaseDB();
     }
 
-    virtual ~PessimisticRocksDb();
+    ~RocksDbBridge();
 };
 
 //typedef int8_t (*CmpFn)(RustBytes a, RustBytes b);